NUTRIENT | RDA/AI’s (mg/d) | UL (mg/d) | ADVERSE EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION |
P | 700 | 4000 | Metastatic calcification, skeletal porosity |
Mg | 420 (M), 320 (F) | 350 | None from naturally occurring Mg in foods, but from supplemental intakes |
Ca | 1,000 | 2500 | Kidney stones, hypocalcaemia, milk alkali syndrome, renal insufficiency |
Mn | 2.3 (M), 1.8 (F) | 11 | Elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity |
Cu | 900 (µg/d) | 10,000 (µg/d) | Gastrointestinal distress, liver damage |
Fe | 8(M), 18(F) | 45 | Gastrointestinal distress |
Zn | 11 (M), 8(F) | 40 | Reduced Cu status |
F | 4 | 10 | Enamel and skeletal fluorosis |
I | 150 | 1100 | Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) conc |